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[初三英语]虚拟语气
发布时间:2010年08月26日 11:17 | 来源: 少儿台
一． 语气（mood）是表示说话人对谓语动词行为的态度的动词形式。英语的语气分为三种：
1、陈述语气--陈述事实，用于陈述句、疑问句。如：
Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。
2、祈使语气--表示命令、请求等，用于祈使句。如：
Be careful , everyone !
3、虚拟语气--表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。如：
She demanded that everyone be careful.
她要求人人要小心。
She wishes that everyone were careful.
她真希望人人都能小心。
二．虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。
知识要点
be型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别，一律用动词原形；多见于美国英语，英国英语中则主要用于正式文体（非正式文体中常用should+动词原形代替）。主要用于下列情况：
1、宾语从句中：当主句谓语动词为command，suggest，demand，insist，order，require等表示要求、建议等时（可用should+动词原形代替；参见第十八章第四节“宾语从句”）。如：
He ordered that they (should) stay where they were.
他命令他们呆在原地。
2表语从句中：当主句主语为command , suggestion , demand ,order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea , plan 等时（可用should + 动词原形代替；参见第十八章第二节“表语从句”）。如：
His order was that they (should ) stay where they were .
他的命令是他们呆在原地。
3.同位语从句中：当其前为command , suggestion , demand , order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea 等时（可用should + 动词原形代替；参见第十八章第五节“同位语从句”）。如：
They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were.
他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。
4.主语从句中：主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等动词的过去分词或better , necessary , important 等形容词时（参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”）
如：
It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were .
命令他们呆在原地。
It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were .
他们有必要呆在原地。
主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容词和
pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义时，其后的主语从句
中用should + 动词原形（参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”），不可用be型虚拟语气。
如：
It is strange that they shoulfd stay where they were.
很奇怪，他们竟然呆在原地。
此时，若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实，主语从句中也可用陈述语气。如：
It is strange that they stay where they are.
很奇怪，他们呆在原地。
二．were型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望，多用于正式文件。动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代，仅If I were you 中必须were)，其他动词用其各种过去时形式（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时--参见相关章节）。主要用于下列情况：
1、在虚拟条件句中：
1）表示与现在事实相反的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时：主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如：
If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with him.
你如果了解全部情况，就不会这么生他的气了。
If he were still staying here , he might see all this.
他如果现在还呆在这里，也许就会看见这一切。
2）表示与过去事实相反的假设——从句中用过去现在时：主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+have+动词的过去分词。如：
If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday.
我要是知道他的号码，昨天也许就给他打电话了。
3）表示将来不大可能实现的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/ was/ to+动词原形；主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如：
If he had enough money next year, he might go abroad soon.
他明年要是有足够的钱，也许马上就出国。
If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldn’t live.
如果太阳有朝一日不再照耀，生物就无法生存了。
If he were to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
他要是听见你说，就会认为你是疯了。
4）如果if从句的谓语动词为were、had或含有were、had时，if可省去，而将were或had挪至句首，形成倒装句。（试与上面例句对比）如：
Were he still staying here, he might see all this.
Had I known his number, I might have telephoned him yesterday.
Had they enough money, they might go abroad soon.
Were he to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
5）虚拟的条件有时不if从句而是由某些介词短语或通过上下文表示。如：
I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.
我抓住了她们的手，要不她就掉进海里去了。
She would have failed without your advice .
没有你的忠告他就失败了。
But for the safety-belt , I wouldn't be alive today .
要不是那条安全带，我今天就不会活着了。
You could have done better in my place.
你要是处在我和位置可能比我干得好。
2、在表示祈愿的动词wish后：
The boy wishes he had wings.
那男孩真希望有翅膀。
How she wishes she hadn't left home !
她真希望她没有离开家。
3、在表示祈愿的if only 后：
If only I knew how to do it .
我要是知道如何做这件事该多好啊。
If only they hadn't made such a mistake .
他们要是没有犯这样一个错误该多好啊。
4、在as if , as though 引导的从句中（此时也可用陈述语气）：
She acts as though she knew everybody there .
她那样子就好像她认识这里的每一个人似的。
He talked about the moon as though he had been there .
他讲起月亮来就好像他去过似的。
5、在It 's t
一． 语气（mood）是表示说话人对谓语动词行为的态度的动词形式。英语的语气分为三种：
1、陈述语气--陈述事实，用于陈述句、疑问句。如：
Everyone is careful . 人人都小心。
2、祈使语气--表示命令、请求等，用于祈使句。如：
Be careful , everyone !
3、虚拟语气--表示并非事实的假设、主观愿望。如：
She demanded that everyone be careful.
她要求人人要小心。
She wishes that everyone were careful.
她真希望人人都能小心。
二．虚拟语气分为两种：be型和were型。
知识要点
be型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气无人称、数和时间之别，一律用动词原形；多见于美国英语，英国英语中则主要用于正式文体（非正式文体中常用should+动词原形代替）。主要用于下列情况：
1、宾语从句中：当主句谓语动词为command，suggest，demand，insist，order，require等表示要求、建议等时（可用should+动词原形代替；参见第十八章第四节“宾语从句”）。如：
He ordered that they (should) stay where they were.
他命令他们呆在原地。
2表语从句中：当主句主语为command , suggestion , demand ,order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea , plan 等时（可用should + 动词原形代替；参见第十八章第二节“表语从句”）。如：
His order was that they (should ) stay where they were .
他的命令是他们呆在原地。
3.同位语从句中：当其前为command , suggestion , demand , order 等（与1中动词同词根）以及idea 等时（可用should + 动词原形代替；参见第十八章第五节“同位语从句”）。如：
They received the order that they (should ) stay where they were.
他们得到命令让他们呆在原地。
4.主语从句中：主句It is ...中含command , suggest , demand , order , require 等动词的过去分词或better , necessary , important 等形容词时（参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”）
如：
It was ordered that they (should ) stay where they were .
命令他们呆在原地。
It is necessary that they ( should ) stay where they were .
他们有必要呆在原地。
主句 It is ...中含interesting , natural , normal , possible , strange , surprising 等形容词和
pity shame , ( no ) surprise 等名词用以表示惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义时，其后的主语从句
中用should + 动词原形（参见第十八章第一节“主语从句”），不可用be型虚拟语气。
如：
It is strange that they shoulfd stay where they were.
很奇怪，他们竟然呆在原地。
此时，若无惊讶、惋惜、遗憾等语义仅指事实，主语从句中也可用陈述语气。如：
It is strange that they stay where they are.
很奇怪，他们呆在原地。
二．were型虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气表示并非事实的假设和主观愿望，多用于正式文件。动词be用were(但越来越被陈述语气形式was所取代，仅If I were you 中必须were)，其他动词用其各种过去时形式（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时--参见相关章节）。主要用于下列情况：
1、在虚拟条件句中：
1）表示与现在事实相反的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、过去进行时：主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如：
If you knew everything, you would not be so angry with him.
你如果了解全部情况，就不会这么生他的气了。
If he were still staying here , he might see all this.
他如果现在还呆在这里，也许就会看见这一切。
2）表示与过去事实相反的假设——从句中用过去现在时：主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+have+动词的过去分词。如：
If I had known his number , I might have telephoned him yesterday.
我要是知道他的号码，昨天也许就给他打电话了。
3）表示将来不大可能实现的假设——从句中用were或其他动词的一般过去时、were/ was/ to+动词原形；主句中用should/ would(或情态动词would/ could/ might)+动词原形。如：
If he had enough money next year, he might go abroad soon.
他明年要是有足够的钱，也许马上就出国。
If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldn’t live.
如果太阳有朝一日不再照耀，生物就无法生存了。
If he were to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
他要是听见你说，就会认为你是疯了。
4）如果if从句的谓语动词为were、had或含有were、had时，if可省去，而将were或had挪至句首，形成倒装句。（试与上面例句对比）如：
Were he still staying here, he might see all this.
Had I known his number, I might have telephoned him yesterday.
Had they enough money, they might go abroad soon.
Were he to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.
5）虚拟的条件有时不if从句而是由某些介词短语或通过上下文表示。如：
I caught her by the hand Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea.
我抓住了她们的手，要不她就掉进海里去了。
She would have failed without your advice .
没有你的忠告他就失败了。
But for the safety-belt , I wouldn't be alive today .
要不是那条安全带，我今天就不会活着了。
You could have done better in my place.
你要是处在我和位置可能比我干得好。
2、在表示祈愿的动词wish后：
The boy wishes he had wings.
那男孩真希望有翅膀。
How she wishes she hadn't left home !
她真希望她没有离开家。
3、在表示祈愿的if only 后：
If only I knew how to do it .
我要是知道如何做这件事该多好啊。
If only they hadn't made such a mistake .
他们要是没有犯这样一个错误该多好啊。
4、在as if , as though 引导的从句中（此时也可用陈述语气）：
She acts as though she knew everybody there .
她那样子就好像她认识这里的每一个人似的。
He talked about the moon as though he had been there .
他讲起月亮来就好像他去过似的。
5、在It 's time 结构后：
It 's high time you left home for work .
你真该离家去上班了。
6、在’d rather后：
We 'd rather you lived far away from us .
我们宁愿你住得离我们远远的。
We 'd rather we hadn't been there before .
我们宁愿以前没有去过那里。
三、练习 Finish off ExⅠ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ and Ⅳ 并讲解 .
四、小结1. 被动语态 2. 和虚拟语气
五．作业：Finish off the other exercises .
ime 结构后：
It 's high time you left home for work .
你真该离家去上班了。
6、在’d rather后：
We 'd rather you lived far away from us .
我们宁愿你住得离我们远远的。
We 'd rather we hadn't been there before .
我们宁愿以前没有去过那里。
三、练习 Finish off ExⅠ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ and Ⅳ 并讲解 .
四、小结1. 被动语态 2. 和虚拟语气
五．作业：Finish off the other exercises .
责编：陈喆
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